The College Record, March 31, 1893

              THG GOLLEGE RGGORD.
ISSEUD TWICE EACH MONTH, AT LOGAN, UTAH. SUBSCRIPTION,
75 CENTS PER YEAR.
Ellt .. red Rt the PostofY'ice, LogaP, Utah, as scconrl-c1nss nuttter.
VOL I. LOGAN, UTAH, 'v\ARCH 31, 1893. o. 9.
EDITORIALS.
ERNE!)!' BRAM\\'ELL, J. A. Ht:I.ME.
LoCALS.
GEO. H. ]{OBINS0:-1, IDA M ITCHELL
L. C. POND, GEO. UDALL.
ExcHANGES.
MAUDE \\'QRTHII'GTON, EDNA CARDQ:'(.
BUSINESS MANAGERS.
A. B. IRVINE. ' · S. POND.
The study room has resolved in­to
an ominouP &till ness.
Our College choir will surprise
you on ''Comruencenwnt Day.'
l\f r. T. B. Condie, one of the
normal graduates of laf't year, gave
us a pleasant call on Monday last.
Prof. J, H. Paul was called to
S:tlt Lake City Saturday to attend
the funerttl of his wife's mother.
I Spring has come and with it slush
and mud. But we arc glad to see
it any 1ra_v, that is, Spring.
\Ye were highly fayored by a
lecture on '·' 'hy tab ~hould be a
State,' by Hon. Moses Thatcher at
our laF<t Philomathic.
\Vho elm's not admire the loca­tion
of the College, situated on the
banks of a little river perpetually
flowing by, giving fre~hne~s and
delight to every heart'?
Let us ba ve a }Jhotograph of our
graduating class, they will make a
picture Lhat will do er~di t to any
}Jicture frame. And then we 11 ill
have a reminiscence of each other.
The Philomathic Soeiety met on
Friday evening last and ele.•ted the
·following corpse of officers: Presi­dent.
N. S. Pond; First Vice-Presi­dent.
Maud \V orthi ngton; Second
Vice-President, Ernest Bramwell;
The character of Julius Ceasar Secretary, E. G. Davis; A~sistant
wa:; somewhat disparaged in our Secretary. Anna Peterson; Treas­last
debate. It was decided that urer, Emma Stoddard; Marshal.
''Great Caesar' was a tymnt. Edna Cardon.
90 TJIE COLLEGE RECORD.
The fence on the East side of the I A nnmber of the teachers and
College groumls is to be rebuilt. students of the Collrgc\ have the
Two impressive meetings were
held in the College on \\'edneoday
morning. A htrge number of stu­dents
made appropriate remarks.
At the end of the present school
year the Brigham Yonng College
will turn out a class of graduates
seldom equalled by any wer;tern
institutim~, and who will reflect
honor upon the Collegr.
Let us all make preparations for
attending Conference. There will
be much Yaluable instruction given
to the people. It will. in fact. be
Ctah's greatest day, n.nrl we will
never regret, 011r having attended.
The Mutual Improvement As­sociations
in the several ward,: are
following the courE!e marked out by
their ~Ianuals, and are doing ex­cellent
work. Every student of
the B. Y. College can \roll atl'ord to
give two or three hour's labor a
week to this important work,
The b .at term of the present
school year corrmencrd on Monday
last, and, in consequence of the
near approach of Spring, many of
our students have discontinued and
will return to their hot-:::~es to re­I!!
Ume their labors. Let us hope the
instructions and the experience they
have gained while they have been
attending the College will prove of
much benefit to them. The REcORD
heartily wishes them success m
whatever l<tbor they undertake.
pleasa.nt recollection of having met
Sister Pettigrew whose somewhat
suddc·n and ~eemini! l .Y untimely
death is the cau~r nf our Principal's
absence during the pr.:senl ,yeek.
She wa!:' a woman \Yith more lovable
traits than is usual with mortals.
and by her cleat h Sister Paulloo._cs
a mother with all that the term im-plies.
A recent number of ·'Rcience' con­tains
an ably written article from
the pen of Dr . .Jas. K Talmage di!'­cribing
a remarkable depo~it of Felc­nite
which the Dr. had the good
fortune to discover in Southern
Utnh. The crystals are remarkable
for their number. size n.nd great
beauty. The choice.::t of then, have
been removed to Salt L:Lke Ci .y,
where they may be pr0tectecl from
vandals who hfl,·e alren ·h· mnrrrd
the beauty of ma11y J,y ruddy
snawling their initial:-: •m the
most perfect f:tCl'' c'xpo:-:ed. The
College ackno~Yied~es the rP­ceipt
of two ma~nificent cry!'tn.h:
from this deposit ll'ith tlw <·ompli­ments
of Dr. Talm<lge. They will
add greatly to the value and beauty
of the collection we are going to
have.
'Oh why should the spirit of mortal
be proud?
Like a swift fleeting meteor, a fast
flying cloud,
A flash of the lightning, a break of
the wave;
Man passes from life to h'is rest in
the grave.'
Tll E COLLEGE RECORD. 91
HISTORY AND IMPORTANCE OF
THE CELL.
(Continued from page 8o.)
In order to gain an idea of how
the plant, or the animaL is built
up from the germ-cell, it is neces·
:-;ary to Relect a repre:;entati,·e from
each kingdom and carefully study
the mocln of devdo!Jment i n each.
A common fern may bt: taken as
a repre~entatire of the plant king­dom.
\\'e assume that all ha1·e
~:;een this plnnt, and 1re 1rill at once
bcgit: to briefly trace the cleYelop­metH
of the germ-cell ~oospore.)
The gPrm-cell (oospore) iE pro­duced
by the fusion of t11·o cells,
and as soon as germination begins,
the cell divides into two hetllis­pheres,
these diviu•'. a.ncl the em­bryonic
pln.nt is compos.ed of four
q uadrantf'. As further di rision
takes place the lower anterior quad­rant
grows out as the first root;
sinJi!arly the upper anterior quad­rant
Granches ancl fon11S the under
ground stem (rhizome) and the
fin;t leaf.
The fate of the other two quad­rant
cells is unimportant, yet they
are of great value to the young
plant, because they rem am attached
to the leaf-like body on which the
germ-cell is produced and absorb
therefrom much of the food mater-ial
that sustain the young tender
plant.
The plant noll con!'ists of differ­ent
parts, the root, underground
stent (rhizome), and the leaf. all of
which begin a rapid growth, the
result of continued cell multiplica­tion.
If 1re were to examine the
plant no1r, we n-ould find thaL the
cells are veq much the sarne, but
let the plant grow for some time
and then examine it and we will
find that the cells have assumed
various shapes, thus giving rise to
different kindt~ of tissues. On the
leaf \\'E.' find a kind of tissue that
adapts the plant for absorbing
gases from the air; on the roots we
find tissues C<tpable of taking up
the different food solutions that
abound in ihA fertile soil; through ­out
the plant we find tissues adapt­ed
for transporting the sap to the
various part.l:l or the pbnt; we also
find 1roody of fibrous ti~sues that
·erve as a support LO the plant;
then there is a kind of soft, or fill­ing
tissue, that makes up the great­er
part of the plant body. Thus
we havea plant capable of perform­ing
all the diiierent functiot.s pece­liar
to plant life, and altho'lgh its
tissues are com posed of ,·a.riou!'<
shaped cells we ha,·e Reen that all
came from the one spherical rerlll·
cell 0alled in this case the ooRporc.
The derelopment of an animal is
yery much the FOam e. and here, we
may select as a Yery good repn­sentative
of the animal kingdom.
an earth worm, often spol;en of aF-:
the angle 1rorm.
92 TIIE COLLEGE RECORD.
--------------------------~--------------------------
Its habitf', genernJ form, etc., are
known to all, and it, like the fern
de\·elops from a germ-cell.
In a short time after fertilization
takes place the germ-cell, or ovum
begins to divide, first into two,
then into four, eight, sixteen, etc.
X early as <'oon as the cells begin
to ~livide, they arrange themselves
in a manner to form a central cav­ity
known as the segmentation
cavity and as this cavity increae<es
in ~:;ize the embryo appears spherical
in form, but it soon becomes some­what
elongated, and the embryo
shows that the cells are forming
into variou;; shapes, thus determin­ing
the general :;tructure and future
function of the animal.
Some of the cells assume a certain
shape and thus produre the bands
that are to be seen on the worm;
others have more of a porous struc­ture
and go to make up the ali­mentary
canal; otl1ers form a kind
of fibrous structure. wl1ile another
division goes to make up the
nervous system; and thus the de­velopment
proceeds eo that at la;:t
an animal complete in all its parts.
The earth worm has none of the
special sense organs common to the
higher animals, yet it is sensitive
to light, touch. tastt>, and although
it appears to be quite deaf, it has a
feeble sense of smell.
From the development of one
germ-cell we have a plant, while
from another, possessiug many
characteristics common to the firf':t,
a worm iR produced, and the ques­tion
now is, and perhaps forever
will he, A. puzzling one to evolution­ists,
is ·~~~·hy is it so?'
J. A. Hl'L~!E.
QUESTIONABLE TEACHING.
The Uni7'ersily Cliro-nicle. the
official organ of the University of
Utah, publishes the fullowing ed­itorial
on my articles:
The College RECORD has an excellent se·
ries cfpapers by Prof. J. I-I. Paul on '·Design
in 'ature.' In these papers are conclensed
many wonderful tr.tths concerning the work­ings
of l\ature's bws-truths which wuuld be
of untold benefit to humanity were they only
more widely known. These constitute the
chief value of Prof. Paul's series of papers.
For the rest, the reasoning is loose and often
fallacious. For example, even if it had been
demonstrated that the theones of atheists,
evolutionists and of school men are false, and
even if all theories ever held by men had been
overthrown, it does not follow that another
particular theory is true. !\'o ·,ev e~ though
the necessity for the existence of an inteili­gence
governing nature is prover! to a cer­tainty,
does it follow thu a panic·d tr de;ty­who::;
e existence, to s 'Y the lenst, is:-, Jllle'' hnt
doubtful-must be lh .tt intelligence. Then it
is assumed that tho,e 'ho take :111 opp•>s ite
view to that of the 'riter ascribe a II the ph en­omena
of nature to cll.lnCt'. \Ve fear the pru­fessor,
with all his learning, knows but little
oft~1e writings of e11.inc;.t evolut i )nists and
agnostics else he wvuld know that they, and
they alone, h~ve shown the existence of order­ly
sequence in nature.
It seems that this critic has not
read the articles he criticises.
Otherwise it would not be easy to
account for the critic'::; compliment
that the chief value of t he articles
consists in the facts enumerated.
The facts are used in the articles
only as a basis for the inductions
and deductions; and it is surpris-
TilE COLLEGE RECORD. 93
ing that any per~on of ordinary
aeumen ~hould so widely miss the
point as to ]Jr::tif'e the articles on
aueount of the facts they contain.
With this renw.rk, the edito rial
of the ClzronicZe might be di~­missed,
so far a5 in itself it contain!'
anything v1orthy of a reply; but
the Clzrunic?e is the oflic ial organ
of the Unin·rsity of Utab. repre­senting
the interesL indicating the
progreros. and, to a considemble ex­tent,
voicing the sentimt-nt~ of our
chief educational institution.
These circum~tarwes clernand that
the arti(·le lie answered.
It was shown in lhe last article
the critic had before him, that the
\rell known facts of function, in­stinct,
and human industry, dem­onstrate
that the~e operations are
an orderly series, iden ticttl as to
the end or pur·pose of them. It
mu; further shown that one part of
this inseparable series of actions is
perfnrmed by means of intelligence
and will. \\'hence the inference
that the other parts are also carried
on by intelligence and will, since
we m u,.:t explain the partt> we do
not understand from the parts \Ve
do underst:wd. To explain our
part in the process (hum:tn in­dn>'
try) as a resDlt of function and
instinct, is to explain what is well
understood (our own intelligence)
from what is obscure (function and
instinct). The induction was,
therefore. that :::ince it takes mind
the whole process of II' hich om in­dustry
form;; a part, on the \\'ell
kno1m principle that like etfect~
are produced by like cau8eB.
This reasoning, my critic style~
'loose and fallacious.' He points
out no error. Any one can 'call
names;' but an emanation from
the Unive rsity of Utah might well
be expected to con ist of Rterner
~::tuft
So far as it concerns the argt:·
ments set forth in these brief arti­cle!',
the theory of evolution has no
r~trticular bearing one way or the
other, and ll'ill accord quite :tf' lYell
with my argument as 1rill any other
theory. Therefore the critic's effort
to indicate that if there be any
truth in the evolution thwry, there
can be none in my argument i~
altogether incorrect and di ··i ngen­uou~.
1'\ otice how the critic construes
my assertion that ·'the author of
the surpassing order realized in the
combined workings of funC'tion, m­stinct
and human industry is not
dead atoms, as taught by atheists;
nor a gorl called vitality and the
survival of the fittest, as taDght by
some eYolutionists; nor the occult
quality of thing~, as taught by the
schoolmen of the middle ages; but
is God himself, as taught by l\Ioses.'
The critic exclaims: 'it doe~:' not
follow that a particular deity-­whose
existence to say t!Je least, is
somewhat doubtful-must be that
to carry on our part of the process, intelligence.' Does'nt it? Does
it likewise takes mind to carry on the critic know of any intelligence
TilE COLLEGE J..:.t:CORU.
that i~ not a particular intelligence? I sult is the re~ult of the action of
That is not a personal being? If one or both of these. It is now in
he does he should inform the world order for the critic to how that
of his discovery; for in that event · there are ~ome results brought
my inference that if intelligence about b)' means other than design
is manifc::-t anywhere such intelli- and chance.
gence belongs to a personality. As to the insinuation of my
would not necessarily follow. But ignorance concerning the subject of
until it is shown that there may be which I have chosen to write a few
intelligence apart from personality, thoughts, there seems no need to
it will be held valid, that whatever argue nt this time.
is produced by intelligence is pro- The critic insi:~uates that I am
ducerl by a personal intellig·Jnce. ignorant of the writings of evolu­There
is no such thing as mind in tionists becans« I do not ·'know
general. but onl~' particular mindf', that they, and they aloEe, have
and for a critic to a~sert that shown the existence of orderly 'e­'
though the nece~sity for the ex- qnence in nature.' Of course I do
istence governing nature is proved 'not know' this. Xo one knows it.
a certainty,' still it does not 'fol- It is false. And it IYOtdd be wrong
low that a ].>articular deity must be to forbear to chastise the author of
that intelligence' proves the critic a falsehood so coar~e ancl low. On
to be innocent of Iogie. not to r;ay the one point coneerning which the
ignorant of psychology . critic boasts his know ledge, he
The critic further charges me turns out ignorn n t!
with assuming that '·those who The p~almi~St who exclniDred,
take an opposite view to that of the 'The heavens ckcLtre tlw glory of
writer, ascribe all the phenomena God,' of cour~e knew nothing of
of nature to chance,' whereas. I ''orderly sequenc•.' in nature,' if we
make no snch assumption, as will may bclicvP thi,; eritie. TTippar ­be
seen from the lluotation above chus, Kepler, C ']l Crnicu~, 1-lewton,
from the seventh article. However, of courf'C never heard 'f ·'ord.Prly
since the critic has been so good as sequence.' The whole line of
to urge this insinuation against me scientists from the earliest days
I freely give him his choice of almost to the pre~ent, made no
ground and reply that the alter- discoveries of order in nat,ure; be­natiye
of design is chance; that ex- cause, forsooth, they had not heard
cept in case of a commingling of of the theory of evolution! The
these two there is no middle ground philosophers who prai8ed. the poets
bet1reen design and chance; that who sung, the beauties of nature's
these are the only factors that con- order, were deceived-evolution
cur in the production o± any result was unknown to them! Is thi
whatsoever, and that any given re- what is taught in the University
THE COLLJ::GE RECORD. 95
Utah? One of the most penetrat­ing
mind;; of our time has given
out th i:; cleclaration: ··The most
terrible form of enmity against
Gofl is not that which breaks out
ETHICS.
I~TRODUCTIO:-<-All teachers of
morality agree that mankind are
under obligation to do ::some acts
in fou l oaths or pa:>sionate fits of ancl refrain from others.
di~obedience, but that which delib- ~either morality 110r law can ex-erately
drills the intellect to ignore i~t without obligation. Obligation
all eYiclence of His existence, and presupposes a moral nature. \Vhat
to refuse an ear to any voice that this moral nature is we will not dis-spealu;
for Him. whether within c.us.s. h ut ''e will deal with its ac­t.
he ~oul or without.' tt,'lttes.
I
· b 1 · d I Varioussystemsofmoralityhave
. t IS ot 1 a ~~~y an a sur- been adopted by different Phyloso-pns.
e th.a t the olhc~al organ .o f t.h e p h ers b ase d upon th e grouna, o f o b -
Umverstty of Utah should, In Its 1. t. \' 'llb · fJ r
. . 1ga 1011. ·v e wt ne 'Y note a 1ew
editorial c.o lumns, .l abor to c.. hssemt- o f th ese sys t ems:
nate mal-l nformatwn of thts char- The first theory is that of Hobbs.
acter. lie considered that the ground of
If I understand him aright, my obilgation is found in the authority
critic makes four leading as~ertions of the ciYill aw. By him 'Acknowl­or
assumptions: edgment of power is called honor.''
1. That intelligence is not neceR- This lmr Yiew of human nature with
sarily that of A. particular or person- arbitrary power given to the few,
al being. prevented the system from rcmain­:
2. That 1here is Rome other factor ing with a free people.
th:Lil design and chance in the pro- Thfl second theory of obligation
cluction oft,vcnts and things. was ba'ed on self interest. This
;~ That e\'olutioni~ts arc the only system fails to sho'' the distinction
people thathaYe discOI'ered orderly between duty and interest. This
Fequenee in nature. system teaches the individual to
4. That t lw evolution theory, if subordinate everything to self.
true, would inmlidate the argu- In the third system Obligation
ment for design in nature. is founded on utility. This makes
I deny in whole or in part each usefulness the ground for obligation
of the foregoing assumptions of my but utility expresses a relation only.
critic. Hif' proofs are called for. J oeffrey makes Order the basis of
His own defense seem necessary. obligation. Order is obligatory as
J. H. PAUL. subservient to an end only. An
. ~-~.- . army preserVf~S order to secure itP
I_n _Pans. four pnvate lectunug I safety and promote its efficiency.
so01et1es g1ve weekly lectures to Can it be obligatory on any other
about 25,000 persons. ground?
96 TilE COLLEGE R ECO 101.
Another ~ystcm is th::tt Right i,; I but they are also subjective principles regu­the
foundation of obligation. Do lative of the understanding itself. Because
right for the 1<akc of the ri(Tht they precede expenence as the necessary
fi
,... · conditions of rational knowing, they may
This seems ~imple n.t r~t l.ut the be called intuitions. '
wcrd right is ambiguous or relatil'e. The term intuition has been variously
Paley i'U_\'R it mean!> no more thn.n misunderstood. Usually it has been under­•
·Conformit_v to the rule \\'C go bv stood to mean ready-made knowledge that
whatever thn.t may be.' Sel·eral a person comes across lying in his mind
when he begins to exercise his mental pow-other
~yRtems ha\'e been adyocatcd. ers. In this acceptation, the theory of in-
Hopkins define, ethic~, or moral tuitive knowledge has received (and per­science.
aR, the i'Cicnc•· of man, haps merited) the weighty scorn of that
choosing and acting from choice. school of philosophy which teaches that all
under .nural la\\'. He claims thn.t knowledge is derived through the senses.
Plato had taught that the knowledge ot­thiR_'
c]'a fil'l' .tl.Otl CO\-''-l'S· tl1e 11·hole tained through the senses is untrustworthy,
field of moral action '1Jntie~ to be illusory, and perhaps deceptive; while that
done and rights to be re!<pected. It obtained from within the mind itseli,
goes back of conduct to those choit'e~ that which is intellectual, as 1n reason, is
f h l
certain, lofty, and ratwnal. He taught
rom w ich con< uct proceeds and
that the mind has ceilain ideas that sen~e
limits the fieH. uf 11Dral action to objects fill out and make into knowledge.
such choice::: and actions th<lt come The,;e ideas were conceptions (rowers) of
from choice nnder moral la 1r.' the mind, and were the counterpart of
EFFIE ENSIGN. things. Descartes recognized, as the basis
of human intelligence, certain primitive be­lids
which are the 1irst and mo t certain of
T HE INTUITIONS Of THE M IND. all I acts; and said that these ideas are natu-
PROF. J. H. PAUL,
Dear Sir:- ln the study of Psychology,
I find the ubject of Noumenal-Perception
very difticult to understand. Please have
the kindness to give through the columns
of the RECORD, what information you can
on the subject.
Feeling assured that many of the readers
of your paper will read with pleasure the
thoughts you may feel to express, I take
the liberty to ask you to grant this favor.
Yours respectfully,
w. G. REESE.
ral in the sense that they do not origi nate
from witlwut, but in the faculty of intell i­gence
itsell. His doctrine, as now under­stood,
was that man is endowed with cer­tain
capJcities and with tendencies to impel
to their exercise, which inevitably res ults
in certain methods of thoug ht and in t he
acceptation of certa1n truths that become
at once fundamental and regulative uf al l
thought '' hatsoever.
John Locke made an elaborate attack on
the do.:trine ol innate ideas. He dec lared
The book (Baldwin's) explain s t hat we that there are no innate ideas, that the
perceive substance, time, space, cause, etc.;
but there is something elusi,·e about the
chapter. This is because, as l think, time,
space, cause, etc., are not perceived, but are
the conditions necessary to our perception
of things and events .
These so-called ' necessary rea lities' are
not only objective conditions of existence,
mind is a blank sheet to begin with-a mi r­ror
in which are reflected the forms of ma­ter
ial things. All knowledge, he said, is de­rived
from sensation and reflection . But
in using the term reflection, he soon inclu ­ded
as part of his own system much t hat
he tho ught he had refuted in the system of
Descartes. His 'blank paper' miud turned
TilE COLLEGE RECORD. 97
out to possess 'powers,' and the mental hand, and when plunged in the colors that
'mirror' was capable of 'operations.' It surround it, takes not its tint from accident
was s0o;; observed that, even on Locke's but design, and comes forth with a glorious
theory, the mind is no passive receptacle, pattern.' When the mind, fresh from the
sheet or mirror; but a striving activity, hand of the creator, comes into contact
proceeding according to certain definite wit h the material world, there is such bar­predispositions.
· mony between them that knowledge is nee-
I t is fashionable to-day for those who essarily evolved, in certain, definite ways,
hold that the mind i simply transformed and by certain (apparently fore-ordained)
sensations, to ridicule the doctriPe of in- processes. This framework of rational prin­tuitions,
but what they ridicule is not the ciples by which the mind Knows reality is
well reasoned doctri11e of philosophy, but known as the rational intuitions.
a vague, popular superstition. Sensation gives no knowledge till the
There are three sources of elementary sensation has been discriminated, compared
knowledge: sensation, consciousness, and and classified by the mind itself. and
intuition, (or sense perception, conscious brought under its forms of knowing-the
perception, and noumenal perception). The so~called intuitions. The process of know­two
former are not in dispute. As to the ing is happily described by Prof. Bowne as
intuitions, they are self-evident truths, are an activity exerted upon sensation, and
t undamental ideas, and are regulative prin- not an activity of sensation. There is
ciples of the understanding. They are nee- is first 3n atrection of the senses, called sen­essary
~lements of all knowledge; they pre- sation; then follows an activity or reaction
cede and nuke possible all knowing, as in- of the mind upon this sensation, and know­dispensable
pre-conditions. They are nee- ledge results from the interaction of the
essary i n order to interpret sensations. subject knowing and the reality which is
Sensations give us only the raw materials known. Physically sensation is merely a
out of which our knowledge, a system of certain vibration of the nerve particles,
orderly thought, is to be constructed by which does not become sensation proper,
the mind. Now, the methods by which the or sense perception, unless the mind pays
self-active mimi proceeds in this work of attention or reacts upon it. The sensations
interpreting the raw materials of sense, are merely give the mind the opportunity of
known as the rational intuitions of the unfolding itself in its own proper and pecu­mind.
In other words, the mind has a cer- liar way.
tain, definite, and, so far as the intuitions The time idea is awakened in this way.
are concerned, invariable primitive consti- One event a. follows another event b. If
tution or construction. Certain powers, a should vanish from consciousness and b
to construe the outer world in certain ways sbould appear, there would indeed be a
and in no others, are inherent in it. These change of events, but no idea of succession
powers were called ideas by Plato and in- unless a and & are united into a series
nate ideas by Descartes. Leibnitz explains and considered as such by the mind itself.
that the mind is full of characters which There must be an abiding self which remem­sense-
perception reveals, but does not im- bers and is in contrast with its changing
print: an(! he compares it to a sc ulptor states or cognitions. In order to perceive
finding in a block of marble which he is time there must be a change in conscious­chiseling,
veins tracing the form he desires ness, identity of the conscious subject, a
to produce. Sedgwick illustrates this truth comparison of t his change with the abiding
by comparing the mind to a paper written subject, a.1d a classification of the events as
with invisible ink: 'as for knowledge, the before and after. Events occur in time
soul is one unvaried blank; yet this blank apar t from our minds, but in order for us
has already been touched by a celestial to know t hem as following one anothe
98 TliE COLLEGE RECORD
they must be grasped into a temporal series
and contemplated as thus bound together
in thought by the power of the mind itself.
iogic, ethic~, or aesthetics-is also intuitive.
The idea of space likewise results from
some special principle within the mind it­se
lf. Objects are not known as existing in
space until the mind first refer them to
the surface of the body; for sensations, or
nerve Yibrations, are neither above nor be­low,
nerther round nor square; ar.d if the mind
had no inherent tendency (intuition)to bring
the objects of sense ir.to space relations, our
knowledge of space could not arise. 'For this
iclt>a,' says Prof. Bowne, 'embrace!; not mere.
ly the extension of separate objects, but also,
and more especially, the relating ot these ob­jects
in a common space. It is this v:~st net­work
of relations among objects and positions
in space 'hich constitutts the essential content
of ~he idea of space. K or can they come into a
common space until the mind brings them into
it. It mus: assign each objeet its place in a sys­tem
of space relations; and until this is done,
thought has not reached the unity anrl com­munity
of space.'
Number is likewise a mental idea and not a
property of things, The mind first establishes
a unit and then performs the act of counting
before it has a conception of plurality. Ob­jects
are countable, hut not counted .unless the
mind counts them. The clock may strike one
repeatedly, and our ears might bear the separ­ate
strokes, but they cannot hear the number.
But the mind may unite the separate strokes
As a corollary to the foregoing, I a bridge
the luminous demonstration nf a modern phil­osopher
[ l larris) : The vali<lity of these prin­ci:
rles as real knowledge I!Wolves the existence
of a supreme reason in which th~y are essen­tial,
eterr.al, and ~upreme. Truth has no
significance except as some mind is its subject.
There can be no truth or law without a mind,
as there can be no perception \1 ithout a per­cipient
bHing and no t!iought wrthout a think­er.
Truths do not float loose in the universe
independent of mind. But in the de­velopment
of man's rational constitntion, he
finds himself having knowledge of truths which
are uniYersal and regulative of all his think ing,
which transcend his experience and di1 e~t and
coerce all his knowirg. There must be a su­preme
Reason that is the subject and source
uf 1 hese truths. These truths are not man's.
lie has not created them, cannot change them
or set them asitlc, hut can olny recognize an<!
folio\\ them. They must be pt inciples of a
reason above and beyond him, that is etern'l,
universal and supreme. 1\or can they have
originated in the ev0lution of the race; for
even while lying in man's undeveloped consti­tution(
tf such time ever existed) they must
have regulated, as they do now, man's very
development. Tirey must have exrsted be­fore.
evolution began . merely to make such a n
evolution possil,le; and they mu~t have existed
by 'd<.ling one to another and as thus gr<>sped
together in a series, and thus only, is there
such a •.i1ing as number. Thus a yard stick
is one, three, or thirty-six according to the
unit which the mind adopts. It is the dis­criminatir.
g and assimilating activity of the
mind itself which gives us a kno\1 ledge of
in a reason lhat is univer:-;al, supreme, and
everywhere and always the same. There­fore
reason in man must be essentially the same
in kind 'ith the Reason ·hat is supreme . Ma n
is ma<le in th~ image of God. Ancl if there be
no supreme and eternal reason essenti ally
the same with human reason, then there is no
such thir.g as truth or knowledge, but only
the in .lividual impres5tons of each person,
which is absurd. Man is constituted ra tion al.
lie finds the principles of reason in himsel f,
and linds them also regulating nature. He
develops the truths of mathematics from wi th­in
hrs own mind, and then makes the d iscovery
that the s-;;e tmths govern the forms and mo­tions
of matter, and express all the laws of
nature. That nature is a ratio nal system
nukes science possible. The d iscussion
number, and the cape city to number is an in-herent
power, or intuit ion.
In a similar way it may he shown that our
perception of substance and attribute, of cause
and effe<.:t, and other realities of things, is in­tuitive;
also that our perception of the true Or
the absurd, the r;ght or the wrong, the perfPct
or the imperfect, the good or the evil-realities
which form the basis of either mathemathics,
TilE COLLEGE HECORD.
prove5 that the intuitions of reason are real
knowledge and that the only reaso11able ex­planation
of them is that they are constituent
elements of reason and reveal Heason eternal,
absolute, and supreme, and that reason, every­where
and always, in God and man, is e~sen­tially
the s,>me.
J . H. P.
@~~~~
( Schools and Associations. )
~~J$~~~~~@
--.,...>-,--<.r­THE
TEACHER.
It was remarl> ed in onr last
paper that ''training the intelket is
perhaps the most importent work
of the teacher.' If this is true it
will a~sist us in naming the most
importent qualification of the
teacher. An active well trained
tuind in a healthy bud_,. is the
teacher's highest qualification and
best capital. Each truly suc­(!
f<,;ful teadwr must ha,,·e a well
tintted a11d well balanced mind.
tlti,; nt<ty be added good judg­nwt-.
t. a11d a!l the christian graces
\rith ]10\H•r to do an,] govern.
The l'ehool law providPs that all
who entrr n;•on the profession of
teaching, f'hall pass a sati:<factory
mination, in the common
ranches. The training the mind
'yed in preparing for this ex-jnation
may be wortn more to
e tef1cher than a knowledge of
e subjects. But both are 11eeded
the first stages of the teacher',;
k. This is the beginning he
on, he reads and thinks and
n the acquisition of more knowl-edge
develops more brain power.
Sir William Hamilton says ·'all
knowledge is only for the :-ake of
energy. The parmonnt end of lib­eral
study is the de,·elopment of
the student'H mind.' The teacher
in pursuing h is stuclies and in do­ing
advanced class work may not
be able to recall to memory mi110r
cletailH in thr common branches.
This is all right if his mental power
ha · increased \rhile unimportant
items hove RePm ingly been pa,ssing
from his n1emory. But a~ soon as
t he de,·elopment of mental power
ceases either from inactivity or
overwork and wory, he should quit
teaching at least for a time. If his
mind ha!'l become inacti,-e he shonl<l
get enthusiasim and in,.piration by
ystematic mental work. lf his
n1ind lias been overworked it needs
rest or change. The student or
teacher will) can do as much origi­nal
work now in one dav as he
C<Jnld one year ago in t1;0 is in
good working order.
Many a bright intellect hns been
wrecked by O\'er study and worry.
On the other hand, thonsonds never
learn to grasp abstract ideas. The
teacher should avotd extremes. As
hie great danger may lie here. I
venture to close with a few form u­lated
rules. Thought should pre­ceed
and follow action . One hould
seek, hy observation and study, to
make the system or program by
which he works and studies more
perfect. ,\ teacher should have
but few irons i n the fire; two oars
are enough for one boatman. All
Rhoulcl cultivate a cheerful dispo­sition.
The school is a mirror in
which the teacher can see himself
reflected.
•
100 THE C 0 L L E G E R EC 0 R D.
EXGH AJIJGES, ETC.
~~----w~
__..,.<.,-
MARCHESI ON OUR GIRLS.
Acco~·ding to ''Harper's Weekly'
1\Ir<'. l\Iarchetoi lately ' said: ··r love
the An1erican girl~ with their beau­tiful
voices and well formed char­acters.
l3u t I a! \\'::t)'S ask myself
what a crude country must that
America ~:\till be whose young ladies
so uniformly come to me devoid of
all arti:;tic taste or appreciation, ex­pecting,
by some unknown, myster­ious
way, in a f<-'w month>< to ap­pear
in this Old World of culture
as an arti~t of fame? They often
sibility of fine interprdation . or
doe~ its quality ju1<tify the ambition
for an artistic career?' These girls
make the best of students. They
are quiet, C'On ·cientwus and patient
worker:<; while IllY beautiful A mer­ican
girls in many in~tnnces fret,
lose their courage, and feel ~lighted
if not called on to make a public
appearance in'' few month!'. \Vith
my American pupil;; I ha\'C ahrays
to h.egin by in~tilling the fir~t prin ­ciples
of true reverence for the noble
art of ~inging and a comprehen~ion
of the neceosity for years of ~tudy
and devotion at the ~brine of any
art in whit:h one 1rould excel; that
it is tru ' loYe for the art, and not
for the money it may bring, that
makea the brilliant i'tudent and the
go furthur than this. and hr-:k me: E'Uccessful :uti. t-'
'tlow much money do you think
there is in my voice'?' That que;;- The number of'pupils in the pnb­tion
appals me with its cold calcu- lie schools of PP-nnsylvani>t in 1892
lation and its irreverence for the ex- v.-as 977.582. the nu rn ber of teacher~
quisite beauty and tenderness of 23.430.
that fine art that can, more than
· all otlters to me ,interpre~ the soul'r:;
inmost thought.
'Ko other girl than an American
has ever asked me that que::;tion.
From Ru!'sia, from Seandinavia.
Spain, Brazil and Germany young
ladies come to me. They are u~ually
brought by parents or gnard ian <',
who are most deliberate in locating
their charges, and making arrange­ments
for at least a three years'
course, and longer if they are not
advanced. And in place of the
que .. tion of ·How much money?' is
asked •'Doe., the Yoice indicate pos-
''Pitch thy project high,
''Who aimeth at the sky
Shoots highPr much 'than if he
meant a tree.'
The University of Liege, Belgium
date:- from Rept. 2.), 1817- seventy­five
years ba:;l;:, The pre:;ent num­ber
of students is 1.300, of whom
200 are foreigners.
The highest attainments (in
teaching) can only be rf>ached by
mean'! of a tiniHhed art of teaching
and the most perfect psychology.­PESATLOzzr.
CLASS OF 1g 93, B BJGHAM YOUNG COLLE GE.
Eo:o CAHDO:s-, Logan.
GEo. H. Rmsr:s-sos, Laketown
3. EzRA J . MERRILL, H-ichmond.
4. L. C. Po so, P<>catello.
5. '. f'. Po:;o. Pocatello.
6. LETTlE C'ARTER, Logan.
7. l\f.u· u~: \VuRTHINUTu:s-, Oakley
8. CL.\RA ::'\EBEKEH, Laketown.
H.\RRUn TAYLOR, Logan.
C. E. CoNDIE, Croydon.
G. A. l'DALL, Nephi.
Jou!' GRH'I!'IN, Newton.
C. H. SKrDMOltE, Hichmond.
W~L JE:s-KtN~ , Newton.
15. Lo~:r~ T'. CARDO:\', Logan.
lG. LuCY BARK~:Lt, Xewton.
17. E~DIA STODDARD, Richmond
18. A B. Ilwr:o:, Logan.